Economic Impact of the UN on World Trade in the 20th Century

Economic Impact of the UN on World Trade in the 20th Century Thompson, Tyler Many different sources went into providing an in depth response to the question, What economic impact did the United Nations have on world trade in the 20th century? Two of the most important sources used were The Reconstruction of the International Economy, 1945-1960 by Barry Eichengreen and International Business: Opportunities and Challenges in a Flattening World, v. 1.0 by Mason A. Carpenter and Sanjyot P. Dunung. The Reconstruction of the International Economy, 1945-1960 is a historical journal published in 1993. The author, Barry Eichengreen, is very educated in both history and economics, receiving his masters in History from Yale University in 1978 and his Ph.D. from Yale University in 1979. He wrote this piece in an effort to analyze the way that the international economy reacted and responded to the economic crisis caused by the Second World War. He also analyzed the different forces in play that caused the economy to react the way that it did. This work is valuable because of the insight it gives to the situation being analyzed. Eichengreen, as a professor of history and economics, has access to a lot of information relating to international economics. He is also very skilled at interpreting the extent to which certain forces impacted the economy. For this reason, this source gives an accurate overview of the international economy between 1945 and 1960. This document is limited, however , in the sense that it was written and published before the end of the 20th century. This means that the document does not give insight into the rest of the century, and so it is limited in the information that it contains. Furthermore, since it was published before the end of the century, it fails to understand the long term effects of the events that occurred during the time period. International Business: Opportunities and Challenges in a Flattening World, v. 1.0 by Mason A. Carpenter and Sanjyot P. Dunung is a book written in an attempt to analyze the changing international economy. Carpenter received his Ph.D. in 1997 from the University of Texas. He is currently a professor at the University of Wisconsin. Dunung has considerable experience in educating different cultures. Carpenters knowledge of history along with Dunungs ability to understand multiple cultures allows them to accurately come to conclusions about the international economy. This document is valuable because it analyzes the trends in international economics and gives a good idea of the forces at play in international economics. It also shows the different ways that the United Nations referees the international economy. However, it is limited in the sense that instead of analyzing specific instances in which the United Nations interfered in the international economy, it simply discusses general trends and the general methods the United Nations uses. Because of this, the source tends to be general in its information. Word Count: 470 Section 2. Investigation According to Article 1 of the Charter of the United Nations, one of the purposes of the United Nations is to, achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character, and in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion. The United Nations is an organization that seeks to maintain peaceful relations between major powers. Because of the far reach of this organization, the effects of their policies and actions have far reaching effects socially, politically, and especially economically. Through policies that maintain peace and aiding in the negotiations of trade agreements, the United Nations has had a major positive effect on international trade between 1945 and 2000. Prior to the formation of the United Nations in 1945, the world economy was in disarray. During this time period, the economy saw, the almost total cessation of normal international economic relations (Eichengreen 1). This lack of trade along with debts from the war left many economies in poor shape. Poverty was at an all-time high, while international GDP was at an all-time low. Many industrial countries found it difficult to import raw materials for their factories. On the other side, many countries that export raw materials found it hard to find markets to sell their goods. This general disruption of trade left many economies staggering and struggling. However, the birth of the United Nations soon saw the recovery of many economies. Trade was soon established between countries that had just recently been at war and the international economy began to grow. World trade has a major effect on international economies as, there is a strong positive correlation between growth in per capita income and growth in trade, (Roser). World trade managed to grow about eight percent annually from 1950 to 1965. And in fact, international GDP per capita grew at a steady rate and did not once decrease from 1960 until the end of the century. In 1960, the world GDP stood at 1.353 trillion US dollars as compared to the 33.391 trillion US dollars that it stood at when the century ended. The United Nations has enacted a multitude of policies in order to facilitate the expansion of international trade. The UN has created a series of 10-year International Development Strategies in order to develop smaller countries that may be rich in resources and could have a beneficial impact on international trade. This plan was set into place by the General Assembly in 1960 and continued throughout the rest of the century. Furthermore, they work with agencies that, provide technical assistance and other forms of practical help to countries around the world. In cooperation with the UN, they help formulate policies, set standards and guidelines, foster support and mobilize funds (United Nations). Although the United Nations is not the only organization that worked to benefit international trade in the second half of the 20th century, it was the common denominator in many instances and acted as the main organizer of other separate efforts. The role of the United Nations in maintaining peace has a major impact on international economics. According to International Business: Opportunities and Challenges in a Flattening World, military conflict can be extremely disruptive to economic activity and impede long-term economic performance. Through peace, businesses find it easier to find and hire qualified workers, work with less regulations to due lack of war time restrictions, and find that international trade is made easier through easier currency exchange. When countries are at war, many qualified workers are working either in the military or in a field that ties directly to the military in order to help the war effort. Also, trade between foreign countries that are at war with each other is very difficult because there are generally greater tariffs and restrictions on trade between companies in these two areas. In general, peace is good for business and the world economy as a whole. The United Nations completed more than 20 missions all around the world between 1945 and 2000 in an effort to maintain international peace. One of the earliest examples of these missions was their role in the end of the India-Pakistan War in 1947-48. This war began when India gained its independence as a colony from England in 1947. The colony was split into India and Pakistan. However, there was considerable debate between the two over who would get control over the state of Jammu and Kashmir. This eventually led to a war that was quickly stopped due to United Nations mediation. This action had significant impacts on international economies. India is a major exporter of oil, textiles, engineering goods, and jewelry, while Pakistan exports rice, cotton, tiles, surgical instruments, and rugs among other goods. Without the mediation of the United Nations, these two countries would have continued to fight. They would have spent valuable resources on the war instead of focusing them on producing goods for trade. This has benefited the countries that trade with them because they now have more access to the goods that these countries produce. This single conflict, had it not been stopped by the United Nations, would have had a serious negative impact on the international economy by hurting trade and reducing both imports and exports. On a grander scale, the fact that the United Nations has organized negotiations many times shows how they have had a great impact on maintaining international trade and improving international economies. Although the evidence points to the United Nations as one of the major powers that influenced the growth of international economies after 1945, some historians disagree. Eichengreen claims that the Bretton Woods Agreement was one of the most important policy changes that benefited economies, and this occurred without the aid of the United Nations. The Bretton Woods Agreement gave rise to the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the International Trade Organization. This immediately paved a path for the reintroduction of international trade between nations that had very recently been at war with each other. The steady growth of international economies and the continued peace between major powers indicates that the United Nations played a greater role in international economics than the Bretton Woods Agreement. Although the Bretton Woods Agreement provided immediate trade relations, there remained considerable disagreement between the British and Americans over the particulars of the Bretton Woods Agreement (Eichengreen 4). In addition, one of the organizations that the agreement created was the IMF, which along with the World Bank are, twin intergovernmental pillars supporting the structure of the worlds economic and financial order, (Carpenter). Yet, historians claim that the IMF, played little role in international monetary affairs until the end of the 1950s. The quick transition to current account convertibility envisaged by the framers of the Bretton Woods Agreement never came to pass (Eichengreen 4). In summary, the United Nations has had a major positive impact on international trade during the 20th century. The United Nations mediated in international conflicts multiple times in the 20th century and has also helped enact trade agreements. All of these actions have been shown to have been beneficial to the international economy based on steady GDP growth throughout the 20th century and a quick recovery from the poor international economic situation during which the United Nations was created. Word Count: 1225 Section 3. Reflection This investigation has been a great experience for me. I have learned a lot about the process of gathering information from different sources and drawing a single conclusion. When I began this assignment, I knew little about the process that historians actually go through when writing historical analysis reports. I had the misconception that historians simply gather information that all seems to support a single thesis. However, I did not realize history is not black and white. This major issue is one of the biggest challenges that historians face. In my own investigation, I found that a single event could have been caused by multiple different causes. For example, The Reconstruction of the International Economy, 1945-1960 by Barry Eichengreen shows the different events that helped the economy respond to the crisis immediately following the Second World War. He shows that both the United Nations and the creation of different organizations such as the IMF, the World Bank, and the ITO all contributed to the economys recover. I was challenged and tasked with analyzing which factor impacted the economy the most. Encountering this in my own research showed me the importance of understanding the values and limitations of different sources. Being able to evaluate sources and try to extract accurate information from them is the job that historians are faced with. In this way, I learned that the work of a historian involves more than just gathering and discussing information. Historians are tasked with analyzing the information they use and being able to draw conclusions based on their analysis. When I conducted this investigation, I saw this dilemma first hand. Although I had a variety of sources of information that were all credible in their own way, I had to draw my own conclusions from the sources and be able to support my ideas. I value this experience because I feel that I have learned not only what historians have to do, but I have also gained the skills needed. I feel that in the future I will lean on this experience as a guide to any historical analysis that I encounter. The insight I have gained from this experience is valuable and the ability to draw my own conclusions is something I will use in the future. Word Count: 377 Works Cited About Economic and Social Development. United Nations. United Nations, n.d. Web. 18 Dec. 2016. . Carpenter, Mason A., and Sanjyot P. Dunung. Challenges and Opportunities in International Business. Vol. 1.0. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. Carpenter, Mason A., and Sanjyot P. Dunung. International Business: Opportunities and Challenges in a Flattening World. Vol. 1.0. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. The Charter of the United Nations. Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1945. Print. Eichengreen, Barry. The Reconstruction of the International Economy, 1945-1960 (1933): n. pag. Print. GDP (current US$). The World Bank. The World Bank, n.d. Web. 18 Dec. 2016. . Milestones: 1961-1968 Office of the Historian. U.S. Department of State. U.S. Department of State, n.d. Web. 18 Dec. 2016. . Ortiz-Espina, Esteban, and Max Roser. International Trade. Our World In Data. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Dec. 2016. .

Poem Blessing, by Imtiaz Dharker

The poem blessing, by imtiaz dharker depicts the desperation of water in a place which is a victim of drought. the poet has very vividly described the unfortunate situation and has also made the reader sympathize greatly with the poverty sticken people of this area. The poet begins the poem with a simile â€Å"the skin cracks like a pod† which appeals to the visual imagery of the reader as it paints a picture of people with very dry skin in the readers mind.This simile is used very effectively as it not only adds to the visual imagery of the reader but also captivates the reader by hinting to the reader about the lack of water in an area which is further described in more detail. the next line clearly states the theme of the poem which is the description of a situation with deficiency of water and extreme poverty. In the former part of the poem ,† imagine the drip of it†, the poet is expressing the desperation of water by the people. this line is being said or thou ght by the people affected by this calamity! t suggests that these people are craving water so much that they are hallucinating about the sound of water splashing into a tin mug and comparing this sound to â€Å"the voice of a kindly god†. the words† small splash† and â€Å"echo† add to the auditory imagery of the reader which help the reader understand the situation being expressed by he poet more vividly. the writer mention a â€Å"tin mug† in the hallucination of the victims which suggests poverty to the reader . this is because while dreaming about water which is heavenly for these people they imagine it being dripping Into a tin mug which is unusual in financially supported households.Moving on the poet uses a metaphor comparing water to fortune in the line†the sudden rush of fortune†. this metaphor enhances the language used and also emphasizes on water being demanded highly and hence being called â€Å"fortune†. The poet the n describes a scenario where a municipal pipe bursts and water is leaking in abundance. another metaphor is used here comparing water to silver. this comparison once again emphasizes on the high demand and craving for water. This scenario is described vividly in the lines â€Å"roar of tongues†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦frantic hands†.These lines add to the visual imagery of the reader and help the reader grasp a more detailed picture trying to be painted by the poet in the readers mind. the word â€Å"frantic† is used to emphasize on the emergency of the situation. In the latter half of the poem the poet mentions â€Å"naked children screaming† being present in the situation . this line puts a poverty stricken atmosphere forth to the reader and makes the reader feel sympathetic towards the situation. in the last stanza the poet has mentioned the presence of heat significantly in the lines† liquid sun†,†polished to perfection† and â€Å"flashin g light†. hese phrases repeatedly remind the reader about the scorching heat which adds to the misery of the situation.The poem ends leaving a significant impact on the reader with the element of god coming in. the poet mentions that angel rays,†flashing light†, shine over these people suffering which signifies that god is watching over their â€Å"small bones†. this phrase also adds to the visual imagery of the reader portraying a scenario effected by poverty and hunger. The poem is written in free verse . njambments llike â€Å"echo in a tin mug†,†every man woman child for streets† and â€Å"frantic hands and naked children† are present in abundance which adds to the flow of the poem due to no rhyme scheme being present. According to me this poem was very appealing as it made me respect the luxuries I get and take for granted. the poet has been able to describe the helpness situation of these poor and hungry people so vivdly that it made me nderstand the value for the goods and services these poor people don’t benefit from and also feel greatly sympathetic towards them.

Digital Fortress Chapter 41

In a linen closet on the third floor of the Alfonso XIII, a maid lay unconscious on the floor. The man with wire-rim glasses was replacing a hotel master key in her pocket. He had not sensed her scream when he struck her, but he had no way of knowing for sure-he had been deaf since he was twelve. He reached to the battery pack on his belt with a certain kind of reverence; a gift from a client, the machine had given him new life. He could now receive his contracts anywhere in the world. All communications arrived instantaneously and untraceably. He was eager as he touched the switch. His glasses flickered to life. Once again his fingers carved into the empty air and began clicking together. As always, he had recorded the names of his victims-a simple matter of searching a wallet or purse. The contacts on his fingers connected, and the letters appeared in the lens of his glasses like ghosts in the air. SUBJECT: ROCIO EVA GRANADA-TERMINATED SUBJECT: HANS HUBER-TERMINATED Three stories below David Becker paid his tab and wandered across the lobby, his half-finished drink in hand. He headed toward the hotel's open terrace for some fresh air. In and out, he mused. Things hadn't panned out quite as he expected. He had a decision to make. Should he just give up and go back to the airport? A matter of national security. He swore under his breath. So why the hell had they sent a schoolteacher? Becker moved out of sight of the bartender and dumped the remaining drink in a potted jasmine. The vodka had made him light-headed. Cheapest drunk in history, Susan often called him. After refilling the heavy crystal glass from a water fountain, Becker took a long swallow. He stretched a few times trying to shake off the light haze that had settled over him. Then he set down his glass and walked across the lobby. As he passed the elevator, the doors slid opened. There was a man inside. All Becker saw were thick wire-rim glasses. The man raised a handkerchief to blow his nose. Becker smiled politely and moved on†¦ out into the stifling Sevillian night.

Abortion Essay - 1158 Words

Abortions Abortions should be illegal if you are going to go out and have unprotected sex, then you should be willing to take responsibility for your actions. The unborn child that is conceived has done no wrong and shouldnt have to suffer because of the mothers actions. Women shouldnt have a quot;rightquot; to kill their preborn child. The word quot;choicequot; shouldnt be used in regard to abortions, since killing a preborn child offers the child no choice at all. If you think about it nearly 30 million preborn children have been slaughter in their mothers wombs. Millions of women have been traumatized both mentally and physically by their decision to exercise their so called quot;rightquot; to an abortion. The number of†¦show more content†¦These centers offer everything to carry the baby to term: cloths, furniture, parenting classes, and a very important thing, love. If these centers are out there then why would anyone want to abort a preborn child. When an abortion is performed at a non hospital the average cost was $296 as of 1993(Jacobs, Landes, amp; Siegel, 1996) . The farther along you get in the pregnancy the more expensive the abortion cost. When an abortion is performed in a hospital the average cost was $1,757 as of 1993(Jacobs, Landes, amp; Siegel, 1996). Paying for the abortion could get expensive and be a burden. Some private insurers will cover abortion expenses. Most middle class women can usually afford an abortion, but is often a burden for poorer women. For women whose lives were endangered by rape or incest 99 percent of the abortions are government funded. Abortions should be performed in the first trimester by vacuum aspiration (suction). The physician widens the cervix and inserts a tube into the uterus. The tube is connected to a suction machine that empties the contents of the uterus, this procedure takes about five minutes. In the second trimester, a similar procedure called dilation and evacuation (Damp;E) is the most common method. The reason a different procedure is because the fetus is larger and the cervix must dilate. The process of dilation can take several hours or even overnight. Once the cervix is dilated, a suction machine is used toShow MoreRelatedAbortion : Abortion And Abortion998 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion Abortion is defined in several ways all of which stop a pregnancy. There are different ways of abortion, which are spontaneous abortion, surgical abortion, and medical abortion. Abortion has been arguable topic for decades. One can neither believe abortion to be good nor bad. The idea of individuality and human life is not quite the same. Idea of human life has come from conception; simultaneously on the other hand, fertilizer eggs used for in vitro fertilization are also human lives butRead MoreAbortion : Abortion And Abortion Essay921 Words   |  4 PagesPaper: Abortion Laws The topic of abortion is a widely debated and very heated topic in Texas. The Republican party’s platform supports family values and are completely against abortion under any circumstances, including abortifacients. The Democrat party’s platform supports the rights for women to make choices about their own bodies. They support abortifacients and a person’s right to have an abortion. There is also a large percentage of those that are in the middle in that they believe abortion shouldRead MoreAbortion, The, And Abortion998 Words   |  4 PagesIn the United States there are more than a billion abortions performed each year. Since the court case Roe vs Wade in 1973 more than 56 million babies have been murdered in the United States before they had the chance to take their first breath (Snyder, Michael). These statics along with many more show the huge injustice that is happening in the country I call home. Abortion is defined as the removal of an embryo or fetus from the uterus in order to end a pregnancy. It can include any of variousRead MoreAbortion : Abortion And Anti Abortion1624 Words   |  7 Pagesa very large controversy between the ideas about abortion and anti-abortion. Different religious views, beliefs, peoples many different customs and even people of different cultures all have their own preferences and ideas on the take of this political issue. Views against abortion can lead to as much of an impact as a violent/non violent riots outside of an abortion clinics, to something as simple article in the newspaper. The belief on abortion that leads to a lot of the controversy is that inRead MoreAbortion, The, And Abortion Essay1656 Words   |  7 Pages An abortion is when the pregnancy of a women is ended; it is called sometimes Termination of pregnancy. There are two types of abortion. The first type is the spontaneous abortion; it occurs within the first two months. What causes it is frequently unknown yet is probably the results of intra-uterine contamination, or limited attachment in the building unborn child to the interior coating walls in the womb (uterus). Such conditions this unborn child, if the idea advances further, mayRead MoreAbortion, The, And Abortion953 Words   |  4 Pagesdebates that is constantly talked about is abortion. When it comes to abortion, the laws vary depending on the state you live in. Whether people support or are against abortion, few actually know about the abortion process. Have you ever heard of suction aspiration or prostaglandin chemical abortion? Those are two of the various methods that are performed in the different trimesters of pregnancy. According to writer Steven Ertelt of Li feNews.com, Oklahoma’s abortion laws are restrictive compared to otherRead MoreAbortion : Abortion And Abortion1930 Words   |  8 PagesAbortion has been around for quite some time. Laws have been set allowing it and banning it during different periods of time. The procedures that can be done are all very different. There is a medical abortion involving drugs and there are surgical abortion involving a more invasive procedure. There are also different points of view on it. There are those who fully support the termination of a pregnancy and those who are completely against it. There are many factors to consider and very differentRead MoreAbortion And Abortion2038 Words   |  9 PagesMostly seen as a religious issue, abortions are anything but that. Biology and science are the only deciding factors when it comes down to it. Science is the only thing that can prove whether an unborn child is living; no religion can do that. Through modern science and technology, it has been proven and well documented that human life does in fact begin at conception. The scientific evidence also contradicted the court ruling in the Roe v. Wade case, where it was stated that the Court could notRead MoreAbortion : The Fight For Abortion1543 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough abortion was decriminalized in 1973, the fight for abortion rights did not end with Roe v. Wade. Just in the past three years, there have been systematic restrictions on abortion rights sweeping the country sate by state. In 2013, 22 states enacted 70 antiabortion measures, including pre-viability abortion bans, unnecessary doctor and clinic procedures, limits on medicated abortion, and bans on insurance coverage of abortion In 2011, 92 abortion restrictions were enacted, an in 2012, thatRead MoreAbortion : The Issue Of Abortion1212 Words   |  5 PagesThe topic of abortion has been an ongoing debate for many years. According to ProChoice.org, abortion was legal in in the days of the early settlers . At the time that the constitution was adopted abortions were legal. Abortions were openly advertised and performed before the first fetal movement (13-16 weeks from the start of a women’s last period). The concern for abortion started in the late 1800’s when immigrants were coming into the country in large numbers and the fear was that they would produce

Workplace Discrimination At The Eden Prairie, Minnesota...

Workplace discrimination takes place when an employee is hostilely discriminated against for one or more reasons, including gender, religion, age, sexual orientation, ethnicity or race. Per the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, racial discrimination comprises of treating a job candidate or employee negatively because they are of a certain ethnicity or because of particular features linked with their race, such as hair texture, facial features or skin color. While the law forbids workplace harassment and discrimination in all facets of employment, from hiring and training to raises and layoffs, the EEOC still reports thousands of claims a year. One such claim was filed by the EEOC in the U.S. District Court of Minnesota against Alliant Techsystems (ATK), on behalf of Tyeastia Green. EEOC v. Alliant Systems In 2012 Tyeastia Green applied for a job at the Eden Prairie, Minnesota site of Alliant Techsystems. An IT professional, Tyeastia hoped to provide technical support for executives of the aerospace and defense manufacturing corporation. Tyeastia was initially told from an ATK recruiter that she had been chosen for the position, only to find out that she had been rejected after her offer was withdrawn and given to a Caucasian man. Fearing that she had become the victim of racial discrimination, Tyeastia Green contacted the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, who are in control of imposing federal laws barring employment discrimination. The EEOC agreed with Ms.

SAT by Danielle Ofri - 1541 Words

In a life of poverty, illnesses surround its inhabitant. From poor nutrition to unfit living conditions come afflictions that range from a cough to polio. And as a society we preoccupy ourselves with the short comings of poverty. Creating a revolving door at hospitals treating the poor for their present illnesses, but paying no mind in preventing them for the future. In SAT, Ofri describes her experience as a doctor treating an impoverished unambitious young man, Nemesio Rios. Instead of just following up on Rios routine check up, Ofri decides to prepare Rios for the SAT so that he could have a chance to go to college. For educational preparation is the preventative medicine for ones future well being because improving ones economical†¦show more content†¦It was the corpse of a child who had been shot in the chest. At first thought she wanted to wake him up tell him to get up off the cutting table and leave. But, then as Ofri gazed at the bullet hole in the childs chest, Ofr i was left wishing that time could be have been reversed, so that child could have moved six inches to the right, so he could escape the bullet the stole his life. That sight and feeling of the young boy on the cutting table are what compelled Ofri to help Rios. Ofri viewed Rios the same way she viewed the boy on the table. However, in this new case Ofri could give Rios the six inches he needed. As Ofri viewed it, taking the SAT s was the best thing she could recommend for Rios long term health. Which, Rios gladly accepted after Ofri quelled Rios negative thoughts, by telling him that there was no history portion in the SAT s. Under the condition that Rios bring an SAT prep book for the next three appointments Ofri helped Rios prepare for the SAT s. After those three meetings it was all left up to Rios. Ofri lost touch with Rios. Despite Ofris desire to know the out come of Rios efforts in the Sat, she never got to know. Although Ofri did find satisfaction in helping Rios, if only a little, as well as expanding her own knowledge. In the less then perfect ending Ofri learned the new meaning of preemptive medicine. She learned more of an inadequate system that is not able to help everyone with what

International Law Equidistance Approach

Questions: 1. Defining the Issues (An analysis of what is to be discussed in the negotiation.2. Assembling the Issues and Defining the Bargaining Mixa. Determine which issues are most important and which are less important.b. Determine whether the issues are linked together or separate.c. Defining Interests.d. Knowing Limits and Alternatives. (Our Resistance Point and Our Alternatives.)e. Setting Targets and Openings. Answers: Issue: The issue for Slovenia with respect to the border dispute is about the control over the Piran Bay, the application of special circumstances rule, instead of the equidistance approach is also one of the points to be negotiated. Other territorial border disputes with Croatia are also an issue. The issues for this negotiation specifically include the power to use significant maritime areas and Slovenias link to High Sea (Dixon, 2013). Assembling the issues and defining the bargaining mix. The main issue of the negotiation is if a maritime border is created using the Equidistance approach, than the territories of Slovenia will be caught in the middle of the territories of Croatia and Italy, in addition Croatia will get a direct border with Italy. The negotiation in this case is over the territorial and maritime border of Slovenia and Croatia, the dispute over which has emerged since the countries claimed independence. The bargaining, over who is entitled to what with respect to both territorial and maritime borders is the main cause of the negotiation along which how the results are to be achieved (Kaczorowska, 2015). Among the few issues, which have been identified as the part of the negotiation, few issues are very significant and others are less important. The land borders of Croatia and Slovenia are not largely disputed expect for a very few exceptions, this is because the land borders have been well defined in the old registry books. As the books were old, natural conditions have changed for example the courses of rivers, which acted as borders between the territories of the two countries, giving rise to land territory dispute. The most significant issue, which would be up for negotiation, is with respect to the maritime borders in the piran bay. The borders with respect to sea were never determined between the republics in Yugoslavia. The only border, which existed with respect to the Trieste bay, was the border between Italy and former Yugoslavia according to the terms of the Osimo agreement. The dispute over the borders in the piran bay is causing regular disputes and tensions between Slovenia and Croatia. The two countries came closest to an agreement in the year 2001 but it was rejected by Slovenia and this dispute is the most significant issue for the purpose of the negotiation. Both Croatia and Slovenia declared independence in the year 1991, because of the dissolution of Yugoslavia. After both the countries got an independent status, the land boundaries between the regions came to be known as international borders with respect to the principle of international borders until possidetis iuris. However, the countries were not able to establish clearly identified distinction between their maritime boundaries and there have been a dispute over it ever since (Benvenisti, 2012). All the issues, which are to be negotiated for the agreement, are connected to each other. The main issue of the negotiation is the disputes, which the countries have been involved in with respect to the international boundaries. Although the dispute about the land boundary is not so significant as compared to the dispute related to the maritime boundaries of the piran bay, both the issues are related to each other as they arise out of the same source. The border arbitration is of a crucial significance to Slovenia. The most vital interest of Slovenia with respect to this negotiation is the junction to the high sea. Slovenia is well prepared for the argument and has nothing to hide. The dispute between the two countries has caused much tension during the past few years, and Slovenia is keep to solve it finally. There is a dispute between the two countries over 470 km of shared sea territory, which is particular deterring the rights of Slovenia. In addition if the piran bay is divided according to the equitable principles Slovenias territories will be caught in the middle of the territories of Italy and Croatia (Tanaka Yoshifumi, 2015). Slovenia has claimed full control over the piran bay but a negotiation cannot be made if the parties do not have alternatives. However, Slovenia has to set limits below which they will not go with respect to their claim for the negotiation. Slovenia will not accept the divisions of the piran bay and be locked out between the territories of Italy and Croatia (Rothwell Stephens, 2016). However, Slovenia might consider the offer of a link to high sea as it is of vital significance to them. Slovenia should be prepared with adequate arguments and alternatives before the start of the negotiation. Their target should be fixed of gaining control over the Piron bay and this should be their first offer in the negotiation. The agreement will be managed according to the principles of international law. Slovenia with respect to the negotiation has demanded that the equitable principles of international law hold not be considered in this case whereas they have stressed on the rule of special circumstances to be considered by the five members arbitration team. According to the United Nations convention on the law of the sea Article 15 no state are allowed to extend their maritime boundaries beyond the median without an agreement when the boundaries of the states are adjacent to each other (Brownlie Crawford, 2012). These provisions are not applicable by virtue of historic title and special circumstances. While Slovenia stressed on the second part of the provisions, Croatia has made a claim according to the first part. Croatia opted out of the arbitration agreement stating that Slovenia breached the rule of arbitration in 2015, the arbitrations should be legally binding on both the countries and it should be challenged in the international court of justice if not agreed upon (Sands Peel, 2012). The common practice in international law is that the parties to a dispute do not opt of agreements and treaties they have signed without significant reason. It is decided that a party is cheating if the party does not comply with the provisions they previously agreed to by citing lame reasons as excuse for such disagreement (Klabbers, 2015). The basic common principles in the international law, is that peace between the nations should not be disturbed and measures are to be taken to ensure that peace is maintained globally. The common principles of international law provided that culture which are continuing since a long time should not be changed unless it is compulsory (Werle Jessberger, 2014). The issue with respect to Croatia in this negotiation is also to determine the course of the sea borders in relation to the piran bay. Croatia has claimed according to the equitable principles of article 15 of the United Nations convention on law of the sea. The connected issue with respect to the Draganja river area is also a part of the negotiation on the Croatian side. The issue on the Croatian side of the negotiation is also to address the trans-border Corporation and commerce between the two countries (Bassiouni, 2014). Croatia demands a boundary to be drawn in the middle of the piran bay according to the principles of the Article 15 of the UNCLOS which tales about the principles of equidistance. Croatia does not want to give control over the piran bay to Slovenia as demanded by them, as it will be against their interest (Ryngaert, 2015). Croatia cannot ream fixed on their targets if they want to successfully go through with the negotiation. However, Croatia would not go below their limitations for the purpose of this negotiation. Croatia will not agree in any case to the proposed full control of Slovenia over the piran bay. The alternatives, which Croatia can consider with respect to this negotiation, would be to allow Slovenia a link to the high sea at the most. The main target of Croatia with respect to this negotiation would be to ensure that the equidistance principle provided in the article 15 of UNCLOS would be complied by the arbitrators. Another main objective of Croatia with respect to this case would be to ensure that trans-border business activities are commenced between the two countries for the benefits of the public (Rothwell Stephens, 2016). Croatia does not have a very good reputation when it comes to arbitration agreements. Croatia left the arbitration scheduled to solve the present issue related to the border disputes in the middle in 2015 stating that Slovenia has breached the terms of the arbitration without providing strong evidence. It is not sure whether they would abide by the decision of the arbitrator if it were ruled against their interest. The government of Croatia has the authority to make this agreement only if it gets 2/3 support is proved to the agreement in the parliament. The opposition is Croatia is supportive of such agreement unlike Slovenia. Croatia is likely to stress on legal principles for the purpose of the negotiation, as they are inclined towards its interest. It is also to be noted that Croatia might not accept the ruling of the arbitrator if it is not in their favor and again opt out of the arbitration stating lame evidence. References: Bassiouni, M. C. (2014).International extradition: United States law and practice. Oxford University Press. Benvenisti, E. (2012).The international law of occupation. Oxford University Press. Brownlie, I., Crawford, J. (2012).Brownlie's principles of public international law. Oxford University Press. Dixon, M. (2013).Textbook on international law. Oxford University Press. Kaczorowska-Ireland, A. (2015).Public international law. Routledge. Klabbers, J. (2015).An introduction to international organizations law. Cambridge University Press. Rothwell, D. R., Stephens, T. (2016).The international law of the sea. 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